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Looking ahead to 2015 "Ahead of the Sept 25 2015, The United Nations General Assembly, which will evaluate the efforts made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, and look ahead to the post-2015 Development Agenda, a special issue of The Lancet focuses on the Countdown to 2015. A new analysis of interventions to reduce maternal and child deaths in developing countries reveals that if current trends continue, just nine Countdown countries will meet internationally agreed targets to reduce the number of deaths of children under 5 to fewer than 20 deaths per 1000 births by 2035. " The Lancet 1.1 Introduction: Green Issues in Health today in the 21st century By Dr. Katherine Kennet, MBBS BSC. And Miriam Kennet Health, Healthcare, Health systems and the Well-being of the planet, nature, humans and other species are all essential aspects of a Green Economy. Economic, social and environmental justice all intersect at this critical point, as our species seeks to define the way forward, in terms of improving our standards of living, the human healthcare experience, and the best way to interact with the rest of our planet's species and nature itself.The Green Economics Institute first started to address this interconnected issue with its first Green Economics and Well Being Retreat which it held at the Earthspirit Centre near Glastonbury about 7 years ago.Over 100 people came to this event which had a guiding principle of Multiple Intelligences and the care and health of the whole person, forming the bedrock of any concept of health and well-being. Every aspect of a person is valued from a Green Economics Perspective. Additionally we recognise that the start people have in life can present serious challenges to health and well-being, much as the Marmot Review, a sort of Stern Review for Health, has just outlined. In November 2008, Professor Sir Michael Marmot was asked by the then Secretary of State for Health to chair an independent review to propose the most effective evidence-based strategies for reducing health inequalities in England from 2010. "The Report Fair Society, Health Lives, was published in February 2010, and concluded that reducing health inequalities would require action on six policy objectives: 1. Give every child the best start in life 2.Enable all children, young people and adults to maximise their capabilities and have control over their lives 3. Create fair employment and good work for all 4. Ensure healthy standard of living for all 5.Create and develop healthy and sustainable places and communities 6. Strengthen the role and impact of ill-health prevention. One of the authors was asked to speak in December 2012 to the North Western Area of the entire National Health Service of England to put forard suggestions as to how this could be implemented. Photos from the official MHS photographer for the event, which was held at Manchester United famous football stadium and was very well attended. We, Green Economists, also make the links and interconnections and even causality between Democracy, Economic Power, Wealth and health and Well Being as well. Poverty, as several chapters in this book explains, impacts on health outcomes negatively and therefore it is crucial to try to eliminate inequality and to increase equal and fair access to health for everyone.The Green Economics Institute is committed to trying its utmost to challenge inequality and to end the lack of access to health and resources so that everyone on the planet can realise their full potential unhampered by health issues and supported by free healthcare at the point of need.For example an case coming to International attention is the very low life expectancy in countries like Sierra Leone where it is only 41 years and the Health Service has all but disintegrated. Maternal and child mortality is the worst in the world and one in eight women die in childbirth often for lack of the most basic of amenities such as clean water or any experienced birth attendant or any hospital facilities and simply bleed to death. (BBC and Amnesty International Websites, acessed 26th September 2013). The cost of this injury to public health is very high and affects the whole economy. Hence as Green Economists we see this lack of investment in a significant part of the population as happening at the intersection of human rights, democracy, peace and investment. No woman in 2013 should be dying in routine childbirth.Our book also discusses how economic "growth" impacts on our own health and the health of our planet. How does our physical Well-Being result from the well-being and respectful interaction with our planet and with its other species, both plant and animal?Can we justify and where do we stand, on controversial issues such as factory farming, the obliteration of fish populations in the oceans, and the increased consumption of certain crops leading to deforestation? Are we conscious of or even concerned with, how these daily choices impact the global environmental crisis our planet is experiencing? How do social policies impact the way our human communities develop, and how can we ameliorate the prospects of the poorest and most marginalised among us? With 2015 looming on the horizon, to what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been successful, and what has our success-rate been towards the eradication of poverty and its resulting and related maladies?These questions and more are among the issues driving the discussion of Health, Healthcare, and Well-being from a Green Economics Perspective and we regard them all as linked together, indivisible inter related determinants of health outcomes, which we began to explore in our books -Green Economics and the Citizen's Income, Lord, Felton and Kennet (2012) and in Womens Unequal Pay and Poverty, (Kennet, Gale de Oliveira, Felton and Winchester.2012) both of which books are influencing policy outcomes in some cases in governments and Ministers are using them to formulate government strategy. There are two main aspects that we might propose to be the most important health issues in the modern world. The first is the investment in seeking out new and technical solutions to illness we either don't understand, or just can't cure yet. The second, and in our opinion, far more interesting and green aspect of health care is the real quest for knowledge to inform us about how to deliver the skills, technology and medicines we already have, and in some cases have had for decades, to the people who need it.Distribution to people and access to health care is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. One c o - author of this paper, Dr Katherine Kennet, says that in her practise, around the world , she has seen whole hospitals without a single bar of soap. If you consider how in the developed world we know that the use of cleaning and disinfecting and even soap will be really effective barriers to infection spreading.Denying patients the rights to this basic level of technology is what really impacts global health outcomes. We have known for over a century that a l ack of basic sanitation is more than enough to kill vulnerable people and creating hygenic conditions is one of the most effective health care remedies. The newer, and greener, discipline of Global Health (The Lancet) looks at not just modern solutions to illness, but also considers the socio-economic s barriers to rolling out at any level the solutions we already have. A medical doctor's work is not always about modern science, pharmaceuticals and impressive and expensive machines.Rather , it is increasingly about our responsibility to care for our patients. As Hippocrates said, and all new doctors recite, "first do no harm." It is very moving to hear 300 new Medics reciting the Hippocratic Oath together as we recently did at Imperial College, London University and I think it is worth reminding readers what it says. Although some parts are clearly outdated, considering that it is 2300 years old it is remarkable in its relevance for us here.The Hippocratic Oath as amended by the British Medical Association in 1997 "The practice of medicine is a privilege which carries important responsibilities. All doctors should observe the core values of the profession which centre on the duty to help sick people and to avoid harm. I promise that my medical knowledge will be used to benefit people's health. They are my first concern. I will listen to them and provide the best care I can. I will be honest, respectful and compassionate towards patients. In emergencies, I will do my best to help anyone in medical need.I will make every effort to ensure that the rights of all patients are respected, including vulnerable groups who lack means of making their needs known, be it through immaturity, mental incapacity, imprisonment or detention or other circumstance. My professional judgement will be exercised as independently as possible and not be influenced by political pressures nor by factors such as the social standing of the patient. I will not put personal profit or advancement above my duty to patients.I recognise the special value of human life but I also know that the prolongation of human life is not the only aim of healthcare. Where abortion is permitted, I agree that it should take place only within an ethical and legal framework. I will not provide treatments which are pointless or harmful or which an informed and competent patient refuses. I will ensure patients receive the information and support they want to make decisions about disease prevention and improvement of their health. I will answer as truthfully as I can and respect patients' decisions unless that puts others at risk of harm. If I cannot agree with their requests, I will explain why.If my patients have limited mental awareness, I will still encourage them to participate in decisions as much as they feel able and willing to do so. I will do my best to maintain confidentiality about all patients. If there are overriding reasons which prevent my keeping a patient's confidentiality I will explain them. I will recognise the limits of my knowledge and seek advice from colleagues when necessary. I will acknowledge my mistakes.I will do my best to keep myself and colleagues informed of new developments and ensure that poor standards or bad practices are exposed to those who can improve them. I will show respect for all those with whom I work and be ready to share my knowledge by teaching others what I know. I will use my training and professional standing to improve the community in which I work. I will treat patients equitably and support a fair and humane distribution of health resources. I will try to influence positively authorities whose policies harm public health. I will oppose policies which breach internationally accepted standards of human rights. I will strive to change laws which are contrary to patients' interests or to my professional ethics."Environmental Health John Snow is usually regarded as the father of "Epidemiology " and he made the connection and discovered the relationship between the environment and health. He made his great discovery linking a fatal outbreak of cholera with a pump on Broad Street in Soho, London and there was an exhibition to commemorate his work, this year at the London School of Hygene and Tropical Medicine.The water, he realised, was contaminated by sewerage, making the local residents incredibly ill. This revelation, as recent as 1854, showed the scientific community that there was no escaping the link between environment, social infrastructure and health and how to spatially map the geography of diseases. The discipline of "Public Health " evolved over the years to become "International Health" and eventually arrived at its current incarnation of "Global Health" which now widens its scope to encompass a Health Systems approach, i.e. a view to healthcare which takes not just an ill patient into account, but it also considers the social and economic landscape which created the illness and also strives to find solutions to their current illnesses , and the prevention of future outbreaks of disease.Millenium Development Goals (MDGs of the United Nations Developmnt Programme) This issue of the lack of access to healthcare is today regarded as one the key obtsacles to development, in every sense. So much so, that the United Nations has made it a priority, with its famous 8 "M illenium Development Goals":1 1.To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2. To achieve universal primary education; 3. To promote gender equality and empower women; 4. To reduce child mortality; 5. To improve maternal health; 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; 7. To ensure environmental sustainability 8. To develop a global partnership for development. Helen Clark the Head of the United Nations Development Programme and who was a lecturer at a UK Government training course for women leaders which one of the current books co -authors taught on gave an interesting speech outlining how much progress has been made as a result of the focus provided by the MDGs. She spoke about, "There has undoubtedly been progress on many of the indicators targeted by the MDGs. The proportion of people living in extreme poverty, on under $1.25 per day, is now half of what it was in 1990. Good progress has been registered on access to improved water sources. The world is within reach of seeing every child enrolled in primary school, and has achieved parity in primary education between girls and boys. Some of the lowest income countries have made the greatest strides.Considerable progress has also been made on MDG Six on HIV/AIDS, malaria, and TB. Alas, there are also the goals and targets where too little progress has been made - for example on maternal mortality reduction, universal access to reproductive health, and improved sanitation." She outlined the aim to be: Accelerating MDG progress in the last 1000 days "Despite the progress made on the MDGs, those major challenges remain: reducing hunger and undernourishment, poor sanitation, and high maternal death rates have proved to be among the most difficult targets to attain. As well, aggregate figures on MDG progress mask large disparities within and across countries - a matter which groups like those representing people with disabilities are emphasizing in the post-2015 consultations."Helen advised in her speech that we will still in 2015 need to acknowledge that "By 2015 almost 1 billion people will still live in extreme poverty. Many still will not have clean water or improved sanitation. Many will still be suffering from hunger, malnutrition, the burden of preventable ill-health, gender discrimination, and more.Whether or not global MDG targets are met, such suffering is inconsistent with the vision for dignity, equity, freedom, peace, and prosperity of the Millennium Declaration." And it's not just the 191 UN member states who feel these subjects are key to address. The Lancet , one of the world's leading health journals, has become a specialised Global Health journal because Professionals feel its so important. The Royal Society of Medicine in London started an annual Global Health Conference in 2012. Its inaugural meeting was on child and maternal health and its second was on the global burden of psychiatric disease. Both these topics are not found in mainstream economics or medicine and we think it's worth exploring why.They are both 'unfashionable' and don't fit with the traditional Marxist view of development and nor do they fit with traditional economists' view s, which are often quoted as being those of the views of " rational economic man", " homo economicus." These issues were swept under the carpet, or treated in novels as an object of terror in the attic like Bertha Mason the wife of Mr Rochester in the famous novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte (1847) or or people were stuffed into assylums when young and never let out, a fate which even befell two of the queen's own cousins -Nerrissa and Katherine Bowes - Lyon. Population Control and women's health and education However as the medical and global health communities are slowly realising, these issues and perspectives really do form a most integral part of healthcare. Interestingly, it has been shown that the most effective form of population control (a major issue facing modern society) can only be achieved through the empowerment of women.Where women have access to family planning, and the education to be able to use it and the choice of a career, women choose to have children later, fewer of them, and both the mother and child are healthier. Gone are the traditional roles of children as an insurance policy for old age. In its place is to be found a women's economic contribution to the household and society, making both stronger.This argument has never been played out more violently than in our "modern" world where Malala Yousafzai, a 14-year-old Pakistani young girl was shot to prevent her using her right to education being granted and her iconic struggle back to health continues to inspire global leaders who graphically now realise the importance of this issue to the human species over all. Women and children's health is no longer a sub-speciality, when it comes to global economics, health and development it is the main performance. Without it everything else collapses.It is true that our ancient ancestors ten thousand years ago could successfully perform Trepannation , as early as 7000 BC in Ensisheim, in the French region of Alsace (a Neolithic early form of craniotomy to relieve raised inter -cranial pressure). It is not only new surgeries, pharmacology and the technologies which are true the modern innovations, but actually the new discovery is much more how they are able to be used, how they are shared and who gets access to them which is the economic, and 'global health' new issue. The latter is the set of issues which is exciting the medical community.The Marmot report, in the UK has excited social scientists and the National Health Service Management and its main message is that social deprivation leads to deprivation in health outcomes. What you put in in terms of socio economic status determines, very largely, the outcome for a person, in terms of their Health status and this is a constant theme throughout our book. Improving a person's socio economic status, means that their health will improve. The two are completely inter- linked.Additionally, Green Philosophy suggests that the prevention of ill health and the maintenance of Well Being is an important part of health. Hence greens tend to consider the whole body. However this is not in our opinion the same thing as happiness which has become a fashionable altenative buzz word in recent years in the economics literature. In particular , we find this challenging as the " Greatest happiness of th e greatest number is a Benthamite concept from the mainstream. The greatest happiness principle, or the principle of utility, forms the cornerstone of all Bentham's thought. By "happiness", he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain".He wrote in The Principles of Morals and Legislation: Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think ..In practical terms s and also philosophically it would mean that in a world of say 7 billion inhabitants - it would be acceptable if 1.5 billion were starving as all the others were fine. However in Green Economics, we would argue that if one person out of the 7 billion is still starving then the economic theory is wrong and other approaches need to be sought. There has also been great excitement over the Gross National Happiness Index in Bhuttan.However, it must be remembered that inspite of people from the west visiting to check this out, the fact remains - the choice our team has taken for their part of this current book is the advent of basic sanitation, so far from being a beacon of best practise, once again, its the basics that people really need to maintain good health, rather than fancy fashionable solutions. Mental Health As an Institute we take a particular interest in health challenges and our team is diverse and as with any community we will find it contains people with a variety of health issues. Economists and accountants because of the type of work have generated a whole literature called post autistic economics.It is a very interesting term for many reasons. One is that it could be deemed offensive to people on the autistic spectrum as it's is being used in a negative way. It is also fascinating as the view of the profession was that they too must exhibit these more challenging personality profiles in order to get on at work. We run regular workshops about these issues and they are mostly led by people who have a condition themselves.We try to help everyone achieve their absolutely fullest potential with our institute as this gives them a thorough grounding for their successful life and on going career. We pride ourselves in how we provide really solid foundations for people with perhaps personalty challenges or syndromes to join our team and in several cases to lead it- and we all work together in teams across the world to achieve our common goals and we have been remarkably successful with our programmes in this respect.In particular at our annual conference at Oxford University we ran workshops on autism and how to help ourselves, and others if we find we recognise it also how to take a wide balanced view of theory and of economics to include many facets that are missing in main stream disccourses and literature. The workshop was run by Caroline Hearst from "Autism matters". The United Nations , http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=1545, hows that mental health is now ranked with depression as no three in the global burden of disease, "Millions of people worldwide have mental health conditions and an estimated one in four people globally will experience a mental health condition in their lifetime.Almost one million people die due to suicide every year, and it is the third leading cause of death among young people. Depression is the leading cause of years lost due to disability worldwide. Mental health problems, including alcohol abuse, are among the ten leading causes of disability in both developed and developing countries. In particular, depression is ranked third in the global burden of disease, and is projected to rank first in 2030.Persons with mental and psychosocial disabilities often face stigma and discrimination, as well as experience high levels of physical and sexual abuse, which can occur in a range of settings, including prisons, hospitals and homes. The economic cost of mental health problems is vast, while reasonable investment in mental health can contribute to better mental health for people. Poor mental health is both a cause and a consequence of poverty, compromised education, gender inequality, ill-health, violence and other global challenges. It impedes the individual's capacity to work productively, realize their potential and make a contribution to their community."In fact the latest global The United Nations has started to try to manage th extreme burden of mental health deficits and illness around the world seeing it as a key blocking factor to development largely due to the stress of modern life and perhaps rapid modernisation and globalisation within one generation in many countries and the breakdown of communities and their traditional support networks.Mental health once the poor relation has become one of the key targets for improvement and is now included as an important part of overall health delivery. The change in the United Nations and generally in research communities supports our own views in the Green Economics Institute expressed in the following United Nations quotation, that," Mental health well-being is closely associated to several Millennium Development Goals and economic development sectors including education, labour force participation, and productivity. Limited access to mental health care increases patient and family suffering. Unmet mental health needs have a negative effect on poverty reduction initiatives and economic development.Untreated mental conditions contribute to economic loss because they increase school and work absenteeism and dropout rates, healthcare expenditure, and unemployment." Ngul et al (2011). The Commodification of Care and the elderly and frail A key contemporary causal factor in this is the commodification and globalisation of care.Whilst some healthcare is now paid for rather than offered by the community in the traditional model, today the person being cared for is taken out of the community, isolated and cared for in a home for money. This contributes to the calculation of the GDP figure for the nation state but it means that a whole swathe of society is removed from public life. For example, in elderly care, in traditional societies , the elder was a term with almost chief like status. Everyone deferred to them and when I was young people would get up for older people on the bus as a mark of their status. Indeed it is believed that humans uniquely survive their menopause years and the input of wise elders is what has given us such an amazing power as a species. Today, we put older people away in homes and pay institutions to care for them for money.A really regretable consequence of this process means that a) their knowledge is lost to the rest of the community and already the literature says children today are not as academically able as previous generations, so they need the " grandparent " input desperately to return .Also for those communities that can't afford to pay for caring services , then this is done in the home, and not in the community, as older people become invisible and something to be ashamed of and so the invisible care is done by the mother of the house hold and the women in the community alone, putting them under even more strain. Indeed women in their fifties often have to stop work to care for their children, their mothers and any other elderly relatives. This work is not paid as " women's" work is assumed but not included in the GDP figures and not reported and is simply regarded as domestic work and so as Waring (1990 ) exposed - womens' work is not counted and it needs to be for a healthy society. Many women provide all the meals for elderly parents whilst maintaining a j ob and a family of their own.Additionally , even paid caring work is regarded as the lowest of the low and in hospitals " care assistants" are about the lowest paid as caring is not valued at all.We have a major chapter near the end of this book which presents many of leading writers, theories and ideas connected with the care dilemas an d the value we place on" elders " and how much we are loosing out in terms of practicality and wisdom. However, it is also true that infants and patients who are not " cared for" do not thrive or get well. In fact caring can make all the difference between surviving or not surviving and getting well or succumbing to illnesses. Hence all sorts of aspects of Well Being are addressed by Greens. Green philosophical stances encourage the use of retreats, quiet times, and at Poundbury "eco" village built by Prince Charles , there is a Quiet Space Building. When I asked John Elkington author of the book, Cannibals without forks and of the Green Consumer Guide and the inventor of the Triple Bottom Line, what will happen in the 21st century , in 1999 he told us -and we will never forget, it will be the century of spirituality.I thought he was mad or mistaken or both, but no one could have foreseen that not only was he right but that wars would once again be fought and people completely redefining themselves by their spirituality ,in some cases as a backlash against the modernity in what has been termed a crisis of modernity, and globalisation and unfettered consumerism.Thus a range of alternative healthcare ideas have grown up. Many of these are based on traditional practises with a modern tinge. People use sweat lodges which the ancient indigenous Americans used to use, like a precursor to a modern sauna, festivals where people camp out for days are increasingly popular. Healing fields at such gatherings are very very popular with all kinds of alternative therapies on offer. There is huge interest in Stone henge as an original gigantic health spa from 5000 years ago. Alternative healthcare includes massage, reflexology and many other aspects. Etienne Wenger's Multiple Intelligences informed our first Retreat, the idea of the whole person being valued and that our intelligence and our uniqueness includes, art, music, dance, physical activity and not just academic work.It also includes being close to nature, as it has been proven that humans are happier when they can see trees and natural surroundings, and patients get better more quickly.Similarly, when a patient has been cured of a disease we don' t just cast them out to fend for themselves, the elderly and frail then need occupational therapy to avoid the same problem again and learn how to cope perhaps with a changed mobility status. Modern healthcare deals with the whole person ,past, present and future. As greens we want healthcare status for everyone on the planet to be high and not just for those who are wealthy. All of society does better economically when everyone has a high health status and the more equal a society is, the better its outcomes for everyone. HIV and AIDS The HIV and AIDS epidemics cure has been described as 'one of the greatest success stories of modern science, not society, but science'. This seems perverse at first hearing but when examined it proves to be a very true statement.Never before has a new disease had a causative agent recognised and understood, as well as its mechanism of transfer, not just identified but fully preventable Although we still don't have a full cure, the life expectancy of those who contract HIV and are identified early is no shorter than those without it.However, all of this was known to the scientific community and the world before the bulk of the global burden of this disease occurred. This brings us on to examine why the HIV and AIDS pandemic happened at all. The answer of course , lies in the politics, economics and social issues surrounding the subject. For us this is the perfect example of the importance of access to medicines and lack of stigma. in finding a cure. Photo Dr Katherin e Kennet , Seeing the Doctor in Nepal, a total lack of privacy and space and time as 3 patients are seen at the same time at the same desk. Seeing the Doctor in Nepal, a total lack of privacy and space and time as 3 patients are seen at the same time at the same desk.Photo 2013 Dr Katherine Kennet Nepal The modern doctor training in the UK today, will learn that gone are the days of paternalistic medicine, where the doctor knows best. No longer is a doctor necessarily a man. Our own grandmother was dissuaded from becoming a doctor, as it was considered not a " suitable job for a nice girl" and all the doctors at that time were men.Today in the west, your doctor is just as likely to be a woman and slightly more women are training at the UK's s top Medical schools than men. The present day medical trainee will be taught that at the heart of their medical practice is so called "patent centred medicine" which is the the idea that the patient's informed choice is to be taken as gospel. We are taught that it is not the doctor's role to choose the treatment, or the lack of treatment in some cases, but to provide the necessary education for a patient to make these decisions themselves, and facilitate whatever choice they make, thus giving each patient autonomy over their body and their own healthcare. This is certainly not the case everywhere.There are many hospitals throughout the developing world where paternalistic medicine is very much alive and well.In rural hospitals in Nepal, for example, time and financial pressures mean that a visit to the doctor involves the patient describing their health issues to a very busy Doctor in front of a whole room full of people, a brief examination, and a prescription written in English (which the patient usually cannot read), with no explanation of what the medication is for, and often little insight into the clinicians' diagnosis. One really cannot get further from patient centred medicine. Yet despite these global differences in the practicalities of modern medicine, most new doctors still recite the Hippocratic oath, a 2000 year old promise to "first do no harm" and essentially (although the details have changed a bit since its first incarnation) to do right by our patients. What we that hope the reader takes from this book is this; that health is a key (one could argue the key) human right and not just because health of itself is important, but also because without it. all other developments cannot even begin to take place! References: http://www.instituteofhealthequity.org/projects/fair-society-healthy-lives-the-marmot-review Accessed September 26th 2013 Stern Review of Climate Change, (2008) HM Treasury.http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/maternal-death-rate-sierra-leone-quothuman-rights-emergencyquot-20090921 Accessed September 26th 2013 BBC website http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/14005.html acessed 26th (September 2013) Lord, Felton, Kennet (2012) Green Economics and the Citizens Income. Kennet, Felton, Winchester, Gale de Oliveira, Mekonen (2012) Womens Unequal Pay and Poverty. The Green Economics Institute http://web.bma.org.uk/pressrel.nsf/wall/776B5BE6D9D1D2D0802568F50054301D?OpenDocument The Hippocractic Oath of the BMA 1997 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/speeches/2013/02/27/2013-global-mdg-conference-opening-remarks-helen-clark-undp-administrator-/ Helen Clark and the MDG accessed 26th September 2013 WHO website, "the Milenium Development Goals " accessed 27/09/13. http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/about/en/index.html If Women Counted (1988) by Marilyn Waring, former New Zealand Member of Parliament http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935265/ Accessed 27th September 2013.Mental Health. Ngul (2011) (Murali & Oyebode, 2004, p. 217). according to Ngul et al (2011). 010)http://www.who.int/mental_health/policy/mhtargeting/mh_policyanalysis_who_undesa.pdf WHO Elkington J. (1996) Cannibals without forks. Capstone Press Wenger, Etienne (1998). Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bentham J.(1789) The Principles of Morals and Legislation: |